Cours de Pixels

OKCoin Europe Ltd

54930069NLWEIGLHXU42

Pixels

Pixels is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Ronin. The crypto-asset's Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in 2022, replaces mining with validator staking. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH every block a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block. Once proposed the other validators verify the blocks integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds, and finalization occurs after two epochs (~12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behavior or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. Ronin utilizes a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, where community-elected validators are responsible for securing the network and validating transactions. Core Components of Ronin’s Consensus: 1. Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): Community Voting for Validator Selection: RON token holders delegate their tokens to vote for validators, who are then selected to produce blocks, validate transactions, and maintain network security. Validators with the most votes are chosen to participate in consensus. Periodic Validator Rotation: Validators are regularly rotated based on community votes, enhancing decentralization and preventing long-term control by any single validator group. This rotation supports both security and fairness. 2. Incentive-Driven Voting System: Alignment with Community Interests: The voting system ensures that validators remain aligned with community goals. Validators that fail to perform adequately or act against network interests may lose votes and be replaced by more trusted participants.

Pixels is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Ronin. The crypto-asset's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the crypto-asset's fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity. Ronin’s incentive model combines rewards, slashing mechanisms, and governance features to support network security and encourage active community participation. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Rewards for Validators and Delegators: Staking Rewards for Validators: Validators earn RON tokens as rewards for successfully producing blocks and validating transactions. These rewards incentivize validators to fulfill their duties diligently, maintaining network stability. Delegator Rewards: Delegators who stake their tokens with selected validators also earn a portion of the staking rewards. This sharing of rewards promotes broad participation from token holders in network security and governance. 2. Slashing Mechanism for Accountability: Penalty for Malicious Behavior: A slashing mechanism penalizes validators who act dishonestly or fail to meet performance standards by cutting a portion of their staked RON tokens. This deters misbehavior and encourages responsible participation. Delegator Risk: Delegators who stake with misbehaving validators are also subject to slashing, which encourages them to choose trustworthy validators and monitor performance carefully. 3. Governance Participation: RON Token for Governance: Beyond staking and transaction fees, the RON token enables token holders to participate in governance. This includes voting on network upgrades, validator selection, and other protocol decisions, giving token holders a voice in network direction and policy. Applicable Fees: • Transaction Fees: Fees are paid in RON tokens, contributing to validator rewards and helping to maintain network operations. These fees are designed to be affordable, ensuring accessibility for users while supporting validators’ roles.

2024-09-26

2025-09-26

223.64891 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) ethereum, ronin is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.